Blood

HYPO% quantifies the fraction of red blood cells that are hypochromic (containing too little hemoglobin), which can impair oxygen transport.

Antithrombin III (AT III) is a protein that helps regulate blood clotting by inactivating thrombin and other clotting factors.

aPTT measures clotting time through the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. A prolonged result has several possible causes; a shortened result often reflects elevated factor VIII or pre-analytical effects and is not a stand-alone thrombophilia test.

Bicarbonate is a key electrolyte that helps maintain the body's pH balance. It reflects how well the kidneys and lungs are working together to regulate acid-base equilibrium.

Blasts are extremely immature precursor cells that normally reside in the bone marrow and give rise to mature blood cells. Their presence in the peripheral blood is abnormal and requires further medical evaluation.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a tube over one hour, serving as a nonspecific marker of inflammation.

Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is the fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells that is bound to carbon monoxide instead of oxygen.

Erythroblasts (nucleated red blood cells, NRBC) are immature red blood cells normally found in bone marrow. Their presence in blood may indicate increased red blood cell production or bone marrow disorders.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most abundant cells in blood, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returning carbon dioxide. The RBC count helps evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity and overall health.

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is a measure of the variation in size of your red blood cells, reported as part of a complete blood count (CBC).

A vitamin K-dependent protein essential for normal blood clotting; measured to evaluate bleeding tendencies or liver function.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. A blood test measures ferritin levels to assess the body's iron reserves.

Fibrinogen is a protein produced by the liver that plays a central role in blood clotting. A blood test measures fibrinogen levels to help assess bleeding or clotting disorders.

Hematocrit is the proportion of blood volume made up of red blood cells, a key indicator of the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. Measuring hemoglobin levels helps evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity and can indicate anemia or polycythemia.

The INR (International Normalized Ratio) measures how long it takes your blood to clot, used to assess clotting function and monitor anticoagulant therapy.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a red blood cell index that indicates the average amount of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell. Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen throughout the body.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a red blood cell index that indicates the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein responsible for oxygen transport.

MCV measures the average size of red blood cells, helping to classify anemias and identify underlying conditions.

Methaemoglobin (MetHb) is an altered form of hemoglobin that cannot effectively transport oxygen, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

Metamyelocytes are immature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) normally found only in the bone marrow. Their presence in the blood suggests increased bone marrow activity.

Mean reticulocyte volume (MRV) is a measure of the average size of reticulocytes, the immature red blood cells in your bloodstream, reflecting bone marrow activity and nutrient supply.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) is a measure of the average size of platelets in the blood, reflecting platelet activity and production.

Myelocytes are immature granulocytes normally found in the bone marrow; their presence in the blood may signal increased blood cell production or bone marrow stress.

FiO2, or Fraction of Inspired Oxygen, indicates the concentration of oxygen in the air a person is breathing. It is expressed as a percentage and is essential for guiding oxygen therapy.

Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of hemoglobin in red blood cells that is carrying oxygen, reflecting how well oxygen is delivered to tissues.

pCO2 measures the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, reflecting how well the lungs remove CO2 and helping assess acid-base balance.

Blood pH indicates the acid-base balance in the body. It is tightly regulated to maintain a slightly alkaline environment.

The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measures how well oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood.

Promyelocytes are immature white blood cells normally found only in the bone marrow. Their presence in a blood sample indicates that immature cells are being released into the bloodstream.

Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It evaluates the function of certain clotting factors and is used to assess bleeding or clotting disorders.

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) measures how long it takes blood to clot. It is used to evaluate the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes that suppress immune responses and maintain self-tolerance. Their relative level indicates the proportion of Tregs among total CD4+ T cells, aiding in the evaluation of autoimmune disorders and immune function.

Reticulocyte hemoglobin (Ret-Hb) assesses the amount of hemoglobin in young red blood cells (reticulocytes), providing a real-time snapshot of iron availability for erythropoiesis. It helps detect iron deficiency earlier than traditional markers and is unaffected by inflammation.

The absolute reticulocyte count measures the number of young red blood cells (reticulocytes) in circulation, reflecting bone marrow activity in producing red blood cells.

The reticulocyte percentage indicates the proportion of reticulocytes among red blood cells, providing insight into bone marrow red cell production.

Segmented neutrophils (segs) are mature white blood cells that play a key role in defending against infections. They are reported as a percentage of total white blood cells.

Band neutrophils, also called band cells, are immature neutrophils released into the bloodstream. Their count helps assess the bone marrow’s response to infection or inflammation.

Standard base excess (SBE) indicates whether the blood has too much acid or too much base, reflecting metabolic disturbances in the body’s acid-base balance.

Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a protein in blood that reflects cellular iron demand. It helps distinguish iron deficiency from anemia of chronic disease.

The sTfR Index is a calculated ratio of soluble transferrin receptor to log(serum ferritin). It aids in diagnosing iron deficiency, particularly when ferritin is ambiguous.

Thrombin time (TT) assesses the final step of blood clotting by measuring the time for fibrinogen to convert to fibrin. It evaluates fibrinogen function and detects certain clotting disorders.

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help the body form clots to stop bleeding. The platelet count test measures the number of platelets in a blood sample.

Plateletcrit (PCT) is the proportion of blood volume occupied by platelets. It reflects total platelet mass and is calculated during a complete blood count.

PDW measures how much your platelets vary in size; it reflects the uniformity of your platelet population.

Total oxygen content measures the total amount of oxygen in blood, including dissolved and hemoglobin-bound oxygen, reflecting overall oxygen-carrying capacity.

Transferrin is a protein that transports iron in the blood. Measuring transferrin helps evaluate iron status, detect iron deficiency or overload, and monitor nutritional health.

Transferrin saturation (TSAT) shows how much of the iron-binding protein transferrin is currently loaded with iron, expressed as a percentage. It helps assess iron status.