Microbiome

Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading gut bacterium that supports intestinal barrier integrity and immune regulation.

Bacteroides are a major group of bacteria in the human gut microbiome that help break down complex nutrients and support immune function. Measuring their levels in stool provides insight into gut health.

Bacteroidetes is a phylum of bacteria abundant in the human gut that ferments dietary fiber into beneficial short-chain fatty acids. The percentage of Bacteroidetes in stool is a key indicator of gut microbiome composition.

Bifidobacterium is a group of friendly bacteria that live in the gut, aiding digestion and immunity. Stool tests measure its abundance to assess microbiome balance.

Fecal calprotectin is a protein released in the stool when there is inflammation in the intestines. It helps distinguish between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and non-inflammatory conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Candida glabrata is a yeast that can be found in the gut microbiome. This test measures its amount in stool to assess possible fungal overgrowth.

Candida krusei is a yeast species occasionally found in the gut. Its measurement in stool helps assess potential fungal overgrowth as part of gut microbiome analysis.

Candida lusitaniae is a yeast that may be present in small amounts in the human gut. Elevated levels in stool are used to detect possible fungal overgrowth in microbiome assessments.

Candida tropicalis is a yeast that can be found in the gut. Stool testing for C. tropicalis helps identify overgrowth that may be linked to digestive issues.

Enterobacter spp. are bacteria occasionally found in the gut; elevated levels in stool may suggest dysbiosis.

Enterococcus spp. are common gut bacteria that support digestion; both low and high levels can reflect microbiome imbalances.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium naturally present in the human gut. Measuring its levels in stool helps assess the balance of the intestinal microbiome.

Eubacterium hallii (also known as Anaerobutyricum hallii) is a beneficial gut bacterium that produces butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that supports intestinal health, reduces inflammation, and promotes metabolic balance.

Eubacterium rectale is one of the most abundant butyrate-producing bacteria in the human gut, supporting colon health, reducing inflammation, and strengthening the immune system.

A beneficial gut bacterium that produces butyrate, an anti-inflammatory compound that supports intestinal lining health.

Firmicutes are a major group of beneficial intestinal bacteria that ferment dietary fiber and produce energy. Their relative abundance in stool is measured as part of gut microbiome analysis.

Fusobacterium spp. measurement quantifies the amount of Fusobacterium bacteria in stool, usually reported in colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g). It assesses gut microbiome balance and potential pathogenic overgrowth.

Klebsiella spp. is a group of bacteria found in the gut microbiome. A stool test measures their amount to evaluate bacterial balance and possible overgrowth.

Lactobacillus species are a group of lactic acid-producing bacteria that are a key part of a healthy gut microbiome. They aid digestion, support the immune system, and help protect against harmful microbes.

Methanobrevibacter spp. are methane-producing archaea in the human gut. Their stool levels are measured to assess methanogenic overgrowth linked to constipation and slow intestinal transit.

Morganella spp. is a group of bacteria not typically part of the healthy gut flora. Its detection in stool, particularly at elevated levels, may point to intestinal dysbiosis or overgrowth.

Fecal elastase-1 measures the amount of the digestive enzyme elastase produced by the pancreas. It is a reliable marker for exocrine pancreatic function.

Stool pH reflects the acid-base balance in the large intestine, influenced by gut bacteria, diet, and digestive processes.

Proteobacteria are a phylum of bacteria found in the human gut. While a small proportion is normal, high levels may suggest gut microbiome imbalance (dysbiosis) or intestinal inflammation.

Proteus spp. is a group of bacteria that are typically absent or present in only very low numbers in a healthy gut. Detecting higher levels in stool may suggest an imbalance in the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) or bacterial overgrowth.

Providencia spp. is a group of bacteria often detected in stool. While low levels may be harmless, overgrowth can indicate gut microbiome imbalance.

Measures the amount of fat in stool to evaluate how well the body digests and absorbs dietary fats.

Evaluates the amount of nitrogen in stool, reflecting protein digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

The stool water content test measures the percentage of water in a stool sample, reflecting the fluid balance in the intestines and helping evaluate stool consistency and digestive function.

Roseburia spp. are beneficial gut bacteria that produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that fuels colon cells and supports gut barrier integrity.

Ruminococcus spp. are normal gut bacteria that ferment complex plant fibers, producing beneficial short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, which support colon health.

Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the main antibody found on mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gut. It defends against pathogens and helps regulate the intestinal immune system.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are gut microbes that produce hydrogen sulfide. Elevated levels in stool may contribute to digestive discomfort and dysbiosis.